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A while back I met a Chinese friend on Xaiohongshu who explained to me some history that I was never taught in school about China's past with Japan. As a fan of both cultures, I decided to educate myself out of respect for my friend. Today's reading is The Rape Of Nanking, once that's done, I have China's War with Japan, 1937-1945: The Struggle for Survival by Rana Mitter. After that will be The Search For Modern China by Jonathan D. Spence.

#FotoVorschlag: Näher dran geht's nicht // Can't get any closer

Näher dran an die #TerrakottaArmee kommt man nicht und sieht so die unglaublichen Details - jeder #Krieger ist einzigartig, bis hin zu den Schuhsohlen! Auch wenn die Farben mittlerweile kaum noch zu sehen sind, hat mich das sehr beeindruckt. Es zeigt aber auch, dass auch damals schon größenwahnsinnige Spinner an der Macht waren 🙄 // You can't get any closer to the #TerracottaArmy than this and marvel at the wonderful details - each #warrior is unique, down to the soles of his shoes! The colours are mostly faded now but still, I was deeply impressed. It also shows that megalomaniac leaders aren't a recent development. 🙄

#history #Geschichte #ChineseHistory #chinesischeGeschichte #TerrakottaSoldaten #TerrakottaKrieger #TerracottaSoldiers #TerracottaWarriors #Terrakotta #terracotta #China #Xian #Archäologie #archaeology
~ The legend of Mulan part III ~

The poem begins with Mulan sitting at her loom, weaving and sighing, and when asked who she is in love with that is causing such sighs, she explains that she has seen the summons from the government, how the Khan is mobilizing the troops, and how her father's name is on the list of conscripts. Her younger brother is only a baby and her father is too old to serve and so she tells her family that she will take his place as she is already well versed in martial arts, horsemanship, and archery. No one objects and so she buys a horse and equipment and goes off to war.

She serves with distinction and is offered the honor of an important governmental position but refuses it. She returns home with her fellow soldiers, goes indoors, and changes back into feminine attire. When she comes back out, her comrades say, “We marched together for these twelve long years/And absolutely had no clue that Mulan was a girl!”. The poem ends with the narrator comparing people to hares and how, when they run side by side, no one can tell male from female, and so it is with people as well.

The later Song of Mulan from the Tang Dynasty changes the locale to Tang-era China and focuses on the danger to the state posed by recent rebellions such as the An Lushan (766-779 CE). The story is the same but there is greater emphasis laid on service to the state through the Confucian ideal of filial piety. The original motivation for Mulan's service is still to save her father but salvation of the family member is equated with defense of the country. This, of course, is in keeping with Confucian ideals in that a virtuous family, theoretically, will help produce a virtuous community and, by extension, a nation.

#mulan #chinesehistory #art #arthistory #history #painting #womenfromhistory
~ The legend of Mulan part I ~

Mulan is a legendary character in Chinese literature who is best known in the modern day from the Disney adaptation. Her story, however, about a young girl who takes her father's place in the army to help save her country, is hundreds of years old

The tale most likely originated in the Northern Wei Period (386-535 CE) of China before it was developed by succeeding authors. Scholarly consensus is that Mulan is a fictional character, probably developed in Northern China in response to the greater independence women enjoyed there, whose legend was then revised in succeeding eras.

The original work, The Poem of Mulan, dates to the 6th century CE and reflects the influences of Mongolian-Turkic peoples on the region with a focus on filial piety, the central virtue and moral of the tale. The later Song of Mulan (from the Tang Dynasty, 618-907 CE) retains this theme while changing the time period. The legend was later included in a compilation by one Guo Maoqian of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE), which provided other writers with the source material for their versions.

The play The Female Mulan (16th century CE) modifies earlier themes, moves the action back to the time of the Northern Wei, and introduces the happy ending of the marriage motif while succeeding versions conclude with Mulan killing herself to avoid the shame of having to become the emperor's concubine. By the time the character reached the modern era, through the film Mulan Joins the Army (1939), she was a staunch nationalist, driving out foreign invaders.

Since the 1998 Disney animated film, Mulan's story has grown in popularity and drawn attention to the other women, all historically attested, who took up arms for a cause they believed in throughout China's history.

#mulan #chinesehistory #art #arthistory #history #painting #womenfromhistory

"Chen Yaozuo was a #Teochew prime minister & grand tutor of the crown prince of the #SongDynasty (960–1279) in the 11th century. Coming from a family of officials, he was a rising star at the start of his career, until he bravely, or some might say foolishly, answered a call of Emperor Zhenzong for open criticisms by submitting a memorial that spelt out the ills of the times, including matters that no one else dared to speak about. As a result, Chen Yaozuo was banished & demoted to become an assistant prefect in the Teochew prefecture. This happened in 998, almost 180 years after Han Yu of the Tang dynasty suffered a similar fate."

"....Chen Yaozuo was more of a problem-solver than Han Yu, and he knew this. At the same time, he sensed the Teochew people’s deep admiration for his fellow Confucian. Cleverly capitalising on this, Chen Yaozuo erected a shrine in honour of Han Yu and he used it to commence his own programme to promote education among what was still a backward population. In pursuit of this goal, the Sichuan native also set up a Confucian temple and places of learning, while identifying and encouraging able families to send their children to schools.

Chen Yaozuo left Teochew after three years of devoted service to its people. He subsequently revealed in an inscription presented to a study room in Zhangpu (a county in Fujian adjacent to Teochew prefecture) that his time in Teo-yor was passed without major worries, despite it being enveloped in miasma."

"Chen Yaozuo’s heart remained with the place even many years after his departure. His poem below, “A note to Registrar Li Zi in Chaoyang” (送潮陽李孜主簿), illustrates this:

潮陽山水東南奇
The mountains and waters of Chaoyang are a wonder of the Southeast
魚鹽城郭民熙熙
Fishing boats, salt beds, and people going in and out of the city form a merry sight
當時為撰玄聖碑
Back then I had to write inscriptions for the sages
而今風俗鄒魯為。
Today its customs are like Zou and Lu [i.e. the home countries of Mencius and Confucius]

#Chinese #historians credit Han Yu for starting what we may call a #revolution through #literacy in Teochew. Yet the extent of Chen Yaozuo’s tireless contributions towards this cause can be seen by its fruits. Before his arrival, the Teochew prefecture produced only three men who attained the status of jinshi, the highest scholarly title awarded by the Chinese imperial court since the late 6th century. By the end of Song, the records show more than 170 jinshi from Teochew, of whom about a third came from Teo-yor.

Beyond scholarly titles, the creation of an educated class sparked a golden age in Teochew with accelerated advancements in agriculture and industry that ended its days as a backwater."

Ref: inf.news/en/history/08fbe53052

Ref: theteochewstore.org/blogs/late

Continued thread

Today is a great day for #podcasts! There’s a new #ChineseHistoryPodcast episode, too, on the Northern Wei!

Yiming Ha interviews Professor Scott Pearce about one of the dynasties I’m most interested in, and they both have such nice voices to listen to. 😊

chinesehistorypodcast.com/e/th

Apple Podcasts: podcasts.apple.com/ch/podcast/

www.chinesehistorypodcast.comThe Northern Wei: An Interview with Professor Scott Pearce | The Chinese History PodcastThe Northern Wei was a nomadic conquest dynasty that existed in north China between 386 and 535 CE. It was founded by the Tuoba (Tabgach) clan of the Xianbei (Särpi) peoples, a nomadic-pastoralist people originating from the Mongolian steppes. The Northern Wei is particularly noted for unifying northern China in the first half of the fifth century, bringing an end to the chaotic Sixteen Kingdoms period that plagued China for almost a century. In addition to bringing relative peace to north China, the Northern Wei also saw the firm establishment of Buddhism. The culture, institutions, and practices of the Northern Wei would have a tremendous impact on China, for it was the precursor to two great Chinese dynasties - the Sui and the Tang. Professor Scott Pearce, an expert on the Northern Wei, joins us to talk about about this nomadic regime. Contributors Scott Pearce Scott Pearce is a Professor of History at Western Washington University, specializing in the intersection of Chinese and Inner Asian histories in the medieval period with a particular focus on dynasties of Inner Asian origin that ruled northern China during the 4th through the 6th centuries CE. He recently completed a volume on the Northern Wei, a nomadic regime founded by Xianbei peoples, which ruled northern China from 386 to 535 CE.  Yiming Ha Yiming Ha is the Rand Postdoctoral Fellow in Asian Studies at Pomona College. His current research is on military mobilization and state-building in China between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, focusing on how military institutions changed over time, how the state responded to these changes, the disconnect between the center and localities, and the broader implications that the military had on the state. His project highlights in particular the role of the Mongol Yuan in introducing an alternative form of military mobilization that radically transformed the Chinese state. He is also interested in military history, nomadic history, comparative Eurasian state-building, and the history of maritime interactions in early modern East Asia. He received his BA from UCLA, his MPhil from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and his PhD from UCLA. He is also the book review editor for Ming Studies. Credits: Episode no. 20 Release date: Recording date: December 10, 2024 Recording location: Bellingham, WA/Los Angeles, CA Images Terracotta soldiers in Northern Wei uniform, from the tomb of Sima Jinglong (Image Source) The Northern Wei, c. 500 CE (Image Source) Another map of the Northern Wei, with major settlements marked (Image Source) Figurines of Northern Wei court ladies (Image Source) Buddhist sculptures and murals from the Mogao caves, dated to the Northern Wei (Image Source) Select References: Beckwith, Christopher I. “On the Chinese Names for Tibet, Tabghatch and the Turks.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 14 (2005): 7–22. Chen, Sanping. Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Pearce, Scott. Northern Wei (386-534): A New Form of Empire in East Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. Shimunek, Andrew. Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: A HistoricalComparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017. Zhang, Fan. “Cultural Encounters: Ethnic Complexity and Material Expression in Fifthcentury Pingcheng, China.” PhD diss., New York University, 2018.

The "Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings" is a masterpiece of religious art and political propaganda. Commissioned by Duan Zhixing, it intertwines #Buddhist devotion with political authority, symbolizing his divinely sanctioned rule. This remarkable Buddhist scroll reflects the #DaliKingdom's unique integration of faith and power, offering a glimpse into its cultural and historical significance:

🌍 fabriziomusacchio.com/weekend_

The "heavenly horse" of China could travel 400 miles in a day, its back was marked like a tiger's and at peak exertion, it sweated blood. JSTOR breaks down the true history of these legendary beasts, which were so desirable Emperor Wu, who ruled the Han Dynasty from 141 to 87 BCE, started a war over them.

flip.it/wxGfmu

#History @histodons #ChineseHistory #China #Legends #Culture

JSTOR Daily · The Supernatural Horses That Fascinated Chinese Emperors - JSTOR DailyIn the second century BCE, Han Dynasty Emperor Wu so desired a herd of “blood-sweating” horses from Central Asia that he was willing to wage war over them.

Edit: Found one! Tracked down a copy in Germany via www.vialibri.net. Thanks Joost Rekveld and everyone who gave advice and boosted!

I'm looking for a physical copy of "5000 Years of Chinese Costumes" and trying to avoid Amazon. Digitally I can borrow it from the Internet Archive, but this is a book I want irl. Anyone who wants to part with their copy? Yes, I'm ready to pay for it.

Where the Malan Blooms.

60 Years After the First #Chinese #NuclearBomb.

"Malan, a type of iris, is also the name of China’s only nuclear arms testing base, and 21 was its military unit number. Situated on the northwestern edge of Lop Nur in Xinjiang, it’s named after the eponymous plant common in the arid landscape. The Chinese government formally acknowledged the site in 1987. Since then, the blossoming of the malan has become a euphemism for the Chinese nuclear weapons program, inscribed in military ballads and school plays.

This October 16 marks the 60th anniversary of the testing of the first Chinese nuclear bomb. When my friends and I coiled up our jump ropes and returned to class, we learned inspirational tales about the earliest generation of Chinese nuclear scientists, who left the comfort of home for the northwestern frontier and toiled in anonymity to forge the country’s atomic shield. In the same classrooms and from the same textbooks, we also marveled at our motherland’s vastness and diversity: every inch on the map had been part of China since time immemorial, and the Han majority and all 55 ethnic minorities constituted one big happy family."

chinafile.com/reporting-opinio

ChinaFile · Where the Malan BloomsThis October 16 marks the 60th anniversary of the testing of the first Chinese nuclear bomb. When my friends and I coiled up our jump ropes and returned to class, we learned inspirational tales about the earliest generation of Chinese nuclear scientists, who left the comfort of home for the northwestern frontier and toiled in anonymity to forge the country’s atomic shield. In the same classrooms and from the same textbooks, we also marveled at our motherland’s vastness and diversity: every inch on the map had been part of China since time immemorial, and the Han majority and all 55 ethnic minorities constituted one big happy family.

On 10 June 1907, the first edition of Tianyi (天義 – Natural Justice), a #Chinese #anarchist #feminist #magazine , was published in exile in #Tokyo. It had been founded by He-Yin Zhen (何震 – He "thunderclap"), a leading member of the #WomensRights Recovery Association (女子妇权会).

The Association advocated forceful #resistance against #oppression by men, as well as that by #capitalists and the ruling class. It also forbade its own members from being subservient to men or becoming a concubine or second wife, while offering to come to the assistance of any member who was being abused by their husband, or under some other form of male dominance. He-Yin urged:

"You women, do not hate the man: hate that you don't have food to eat. Why don't you have food to eat? Because you can't buy food without money. Why don't you have money? Because the rich have stolen our property and walk all over the majority of the people."

Tianyi argued for a #SexualRevolution and the abolition of the family, which it believed gave rise to selfishness, #patriarchy and private property.

He-Yin also argued that #women forming part of a government would be inadequate for the #liberation of women, believing that while a few women might be able to join the ruling class, they would only join men in oppressing everyone else. And so liberation would only come with the overthrowing of both patriarchy and the state:

"What we mean by equality between the sexes is not just that men will no longer oppress women. We also want men no longer to be oppressed by other men and women no longer to be oppressed by other women."

In total, 19 issues of the journal published over the next couple of years.

stories.workingclasshistory.co

stories.workingclasshistory.comWorking Class History

Nohara Shiro, until his death in 1981, was a #Marxist #historian specializing in Chinese history and #ChinesePolitics who had also become strongly involved in the movement to eradicate pre-war feudal and fascist influences from #Japanese education and learning. The essay translated here originally appeared in his 1960 collection, History and Ideology in #Asia (Ajia no rekishi to shisb). Despite his personal preference for #Marxism over anarchism, Nohara’s approach to the subject is quite open-minded. The strengths of his essay are its focus upon practical organizing attempts rather than intellectual activities, and its revelation of the considerable #anarchist influence upon Li Dazhao, whom the #Communist Party has long claimed as its own. Whilst most of the early intellectual exponents of the anarchist idea either drifted away into obscurity, were converted to Marxism, or joined the bandwagon of the nationalist movement (some even becoming outright fascists), the organizing activities described here often became the building blocks for the subsequent communist movement. Nohara’s work is thus invaluable not only for shedding light on the role of anarchism as an intellectual stimulus for the Chinese #revolutionary movement as a whole, but also for making clear the political debt owed the anarchists in terms of practical activities.

theanarchistlibrary.org/librar

The Anarchist LibraryAnarchists and the May 4 Movement in ChinaNohara Shirõ Anarchists and the May 4 Movement in China January 1975 Translated by Philip Billingsley.

thinking about nüshu and how it enabled female community in a time that wasn't necessarily willing to grant it... there's just so much to unpack there

bbc.com/travel/article/2020093 ← an overview and solid jumping-off point for my inevitable further research

ferb, i know what we're doing today!

BBC · Nüshu: China’s secret female-only languageBy Andrew Lofthouse